Friday, December 27, 2019

Mamie Phipps Clark Essay - 922 Words

Mamie Phipps Clark Mamie Phipps Clark started her college career in 1934. She began going to college at Howard University as a math major which she graduated magna cum laude in 1938 but when she went back she changed her major to psychology after her husband Kenneth Clark persuaded her to do so. He told her that there would not be that many job opportunities for her and thought it would be better if she got a degree in psychology. When she entered the master’s program, she started on her thesis titled â€Å"The Consciousness of Self in Negro Pre-school Children†, which was the start of her research about the negativity of segregation. This research was used to determine that segregation was unconstitutional. The conclusion her thesis stated†¦show more content†¦Her and her husband were also involved in the Brown vs. Board of Education Topeka because of their expertise with African American children influenced the case to end segregation in schools. After the Supreme Court heard these findings and were very impressed he awarded Clark and her husband with the Nicholas Murray Butler Silver Medal. After a decade being out of school, she decided to go back to school and get her P.H. d. in psychology. Clark became the first African American woman to graduate from Columbia University with a P.H. d in psychology and her husband was the first African American to graduate from Columbia University with a doctorate. She soon found how hard it was for an African American woman with a doctorate in psychology was to get a job. Clark stated about getting a job, Although my husband had earlier secured a teaching position at the City College of New York, following my graduation it soon became apparent to me that an African American female with a Ph.D. in psychology was an unwanted anomaly in New York City in the early 1940s. (Kerera, 2010) She finally found a job at Riversdale Home for Children in New York. She counselled and performd psychological test on African Americans girls. After Clark started working thereShow MoreRelatedEssay on A Brief Biography of Mamie Phipps Clark1185 Words   |  5 Pages Mamie Phipps Clark was born on April 18, 1917 in Hot Spring, Arkansas. Mrs. Clark was brought up knowing a professional lifestyle. Her father Harold H. Phipps was an African American, who was a physician and was more than able to support his family of four rather easily. Her mother Katy Florence Phipps, was a homemaker who was very involved in her husbands medical practice. Mamie had explained that being an African American in the early 1930’s and living in the South was far from easy, even forRead MoreThe Psychological Identity Of Black Children During The Historic Brown Vs. The Board Of Education Of Topeka1871 Words   |  8 Pages Mamie P. Kenneth B. Clark Allison Taylor EDG 6627: Foundations of Curriculum Instruction Dr. Agosto September 19, 2015 Mamie P. Kenneth B. Clark Biographical Information Mamie Phipps and Kenneth Bancroft Clark are best known for their â€Å"doll studies,† and the use of their findings regarding the effects of racism on the psychological identity of black children in the historic Brown vs. the Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas case, which lead to the determination thatRead MoreThe Black Doll Test Was First Performed In The 1940S By983 Words   |  4 PagesThe black doll test was first performed in the 1940s by Drs. Kenneth Bancroft and Mamie Phipp Clark. The test consisted of selecting random Afro-American girls and giving them a white and a black doll with the purpose of identifying each one as either the good or the bad doll. The result was that every girl chose the black doll as the bad one and the white doll as the nice and good doll. The article, Black doll collection goes on display in South Florida, by Cynthia Roby, describes the remake ofRead MoreBrown V. Board Of Education Of Topeka1634 Words   |  7 PagesGunnar Myrdal s An Amer ican Dilemma: The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy (1944).[3] Myrdal had been a signatory of the UNESCO declaration. The research performed by the educational psychologists Kenneth B. Clark and Mamie Phipps Clark also influenced the Court s decision.[4] The Clarks doll test studies presented substantial arguments to the Supreme Court about how segregation had an impact on black schoolchildren s mental status.[5] The United States and the Soviet Union were both at theRead MoreBrown vs. Board of Education Paper2395 Words   |  10 Pagescited was Gunnar Myrdals An American Dilemma: The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy (1944). Myrdal had been a signatory of the UNESCO declaration. The research performed by the educational psychologists Kenneth B. Clark and Mamie Phipps Clark also influenced the Courts decision. The Clarks doll test studies presented substantial arguments to the Supreme Court about how segregation had an impact on black schoolchildrens mental status. In 1951, a class action suit was filed against the BoardRead MoreIntro to Psychology: Chapter Notes 1- 54753 Words   |  20 Pagesmaking * Existentialism stresses free choice and personal responsibility. * Carl Rogers * Abraham Maslow * Diversity within psychology (The Sociocultural perspective) * Ethnicity * Kenneth Clark and Mamie Phipps Clark * Jorge Sanchez * Lilian Comes Diaz * Richard Suinn * Gender * Mary whitun calkins: first female president of american psychological association * Mary salter Ainsworth: attachment

Thursday, December 19, 2019

Weaknesses of Esther and Plath Exposed in Sylvia Plaths...

Weaknesses of Esther and Plath Exposed in The Bell Jar The glass of which a bell jar is constructed is thick and suffocating, intending to preserve its ornamental contents but instead traps in it stale air. The thickness of the bell jar glass prevents the prisoner from clearly seeing through distortion. Sylvia Plath writes with extreme conviction, as The Bell Jar is essentially her autobiography. The fitting title symbolizes not only her suffocation and mental illness, but also the internal struggle of Plaths alter ego and novel protagonist Esther Greenwood. The novel illustrates the theme confinement by highlighting the weaknesses of both Esther and Plath. Esthers first statement, It was a queer,†¦show more content†¦In any case, the statement makes Esthers plight against pressure almost admirable and her willingness to be destroyed rather than limit herself almost heroic. The lines seem almost a mantra for women setting their own standards, challenging societys norms, and virtually breaking free of stereotypical confinement. Indeed, when considered presently, Plath is ahead of her time in suggesting that women need not choose but one fig; that is, one path to follow. Confinement is present most prominently with the bell jar when Esther is stewing in [my] on sour air (185). The stale air chokes her spirit and in effect suffocates her ability to see clearly, not unlike the way entrapment between branches of a tree inhibits vision. One should note that the instances that highlight confinement are allegorical, therefore demonstrating Esthers sense of confinement as largely mental and the most obvious manifestation of her mental illness. The reader is all but assured that Esther has been saved and will go on to choose at least one of many. One fig was a husband, and a happy home and children (77) which she often counters by claiming I never want to get married. (83) and children make me sick (117). Yet, according to the first chapter, she does follow that path and, at least, has a life that contains a baby. Despite her initial feelings, Esther has been bred for the eventual role of

Wednesday, December 11, 2019

The Scarlet Letter Sins Essay Example For Students

The Scarlet Letter Sins Essay The Four Sins in The Scarlet Letter Sin is a word that is definetely not universally defined. Sin is relative to a persons religion, or lack there of. Sin also provokes punishment, be direct (by law) or by a moral lesson. Severity in punishment is also conditional to the society in which the sin is commited. In Puritan society, much like that of TSL, sins are serious and punishment is very severe as compared with our modern standards. Nethaniel Hawthorne, the author of TSL, was very immersed in the concept of sin. He broke sin down into four categories. These categories where as follows: Secret sin, unforgiving sin, generational sin, and the worst sin being psychological manipulation. Hawthorne clearly expresses the sins in TSL and one would be ignorant not to notice them due to the books allegorical repetition. Each sin defined by Hawthorne has at least one example for itself in the book. No one alive has not kept a secret from someone before. Some secrets are harmless, such as a surprise birthday present or gift. But some truths need to be identified to a person, even if they are harmful to the person keeping the secret. In TSL, Hester Prynne cannot keep the fact of her unfaithfulness to her husband from everyone else. At this point her husband is away, and has been for some time now. During this time away Hester became pregnant. Now for Hester to be pregnant with her husbands child was an impossibility due to the time he had been away, so everyone knew that she had cheated on him. But no one knew who she had cheated with. Only Reverend Dimmsdale did, and that was because he was that man. Dimmsdale knew that he was the father of Pearl, Hesters daughter. Dimmsdale suffered enormus psychological and physical torment as he held the fact of his sin inside of himself. Dimmsdale, in fact, interrogated Hester while she was on the scaffold and asked here who the father was, because he wanted someone else to take the burden of a secret so large off him, he could not confess. So he lived on and became weaker and weaker. Dimmsdale was a weak man. Time and time again he attempted to confess his sin but he failed every time. Only on his death bed was his sin of secrecy lifted. One with the last name of Dahmer or Manson would more than likely be given a strange stare by one who did not know him, this situation best represents generational sin. Sin that passed on through the test of time must first be notoriously known and second be apparent. Generational sin is evidenced in TSL by Pearl. Since Pearl is the product of Hester Prynnes loathsome sin, the mere creation of her life was wrong. She was, for lack of a better term, an accident. Pearl was undoubtedly discriminated from the beginning and, as she grew up, her red dress and saucy behavior made her yet more notorious.

Tuesday, December 3, 2019

The Chrysalids Essay Example For Students

The Chrysalids Essay The title of John Wyndhams famous book, The Chrysalids, is somewhat mysterious and ambiguous. The word chrysalid is derived from chrysalis, the stage which the larvae of moths and butterflies pass through before they become adults. It is a stage in which the insect appears dormant and unmoving, but changes are taking place inside which enable it to emerge from the chrysalis as a more advance form of life. John Wyndham chose the title The Chrysalid because of the human life and survival many centuries after the all out nuclear war or Tribulation had occurred, which in many ways relates to the butterfly life-cycle. We will write a custom essay on The Chrysalids specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now These cycles are the eggs, caterpillar, chrysalis, and the butterfly, and they symbolize a time or characters in the novel. Although at no point in the book was there any reference to a chrysalid, but if think thoroughly, the reasons for the naming of the novel can be understood. The first stage of a butterflys life-cycle, the egg, represents a new life, the beginning of a cycle. In the novel, the wonderful world that the Old People had lived in, the one before God sent before Tribulation was destroyed by most likely a Nuclear War. The egg symbolizes the reemergence of life on Earth or in Waknuk after the Nuclear War, or Tribulation, had occurred. It may also mean the rising of the Waknuk Society, raised by Elias Strorm. The second stage, the caterpillar stage, represents a confined life, as the larvae do not act individually. If the caterpillars do not complete the butterflys life-cycle, they will eventually die. They symbolize the people of Waknuk, who fear changes, resulting in their eventual death and extinction. They live a confined life in belief of God, and fearing what He could do if they let Deviations grow and stay among their community. On the other hand, the Sealand society could also be described as in a caterpillar stage. Because when larvae are in caterpillar stage, they have no protection from attacks by a higher level insect or animal in the food chain which will result in deaths, just as the eventual death of the Sealand society that the Sealand woman described. The Third stage, the stage of the chrysalis, represents the time of change which cannot be seen, because changes are hidden behind an oval structure constructed by the caterpillar until the chrysalis hatches. Here the word chrysalis refers to David and the others in the group that have abilities to telepath, but the changes from mental normality to being able to communicate by thought-shapes pictures is not visible. The telepath group could also be seen as the intermediate stage between the people of Waknuk whose fear of the pat has led to primitive, non-developing society and the people of Sealand, who have progressed. The fourth and last stage, the butterfly, represents freedom, because it is able to fly, to see large areas from the sky, and is beautiful. In the book the butterfly symbolizes the people of Sealand, because they are free; free from fear, ignorance. It Also symbolizes the butterfly is the face that they are beautiful, both mentally and physically, untouched by fanatical killing or sterilization of people who are different. The group, David, Rosalind and Petra in their escape to Sealand, are like insects leaving behind their crawling caterpillar, existence to emerge from their chrysalis as, beautiful, and free-flying butterflies. The Chrysalids symbolizes the change in human nature, and human survival techniques. As with the Chrysalis, the changes are mostly obscure, but repressed because of the fear of the consequence of discovery. Therefore The Chrysalids is definitely an appropriate and great title for the book because it fits perfectly together with its plot and theme.

Wednesday, November 27, 2019

Geopolitics Essays - Geopolitics, Political Geography,

Geopolitics Geopolitics is the applied study of the relationships of geographical space to politics. Geopolitics, therefore, concerned with the reciprocal impact of spatial patterns, features, and structures and political ideas, institutions, and transactions. The term 'Geopolitics' has originally invented, in 1899, by a Swedish political scientist, Rudolf Kjellen and its original meaning is to signify a general concern with geography and politics. However, defining the concept of 'geopolitics' itself is a considerably difficult task because definition of geopolitics tends to changes as historical periods of time and structures of world order change. Therefore, there have been numerous ways of interpreting the term and arguments on them all through the history. In this essay, I intend to examine how geopolitics has influenced on international relations and how it has evolved using well-known geopoliticians' theories in a chronological order: Imperialist, Cold War, and New World Order. Imperialist Geopolitics In early 20th century, geopolitics was a form of power or knowledge concerned with promoting states expansionism and securing empires. It was a time characterized by colonial expansionism abroad and industrial modernization at home. This is also the time when natural supremacy of a certain race or the state has considerably prevailed. The most historically and geographically fated imperialist rivalry of the period was that of between British Empire and the rising imperial aspirations of the German state in Europe. In order to investigate the geopolitical tension between them, the geopolitical writings of the British geographer Halford Mackinder and of the German geopolitician Karl Haushofer have to be thoroughly examined. In addition, it is also needed to examine the view of the far side across the Atlantic, the United States that emerged as a significant player on world's stage later on. First of all, the starting point for almost all discussions of geopolitics is Sir Halford Mackinder, a member of the British Parliament who wrote "The Geographic Pivot of History" in 1904. He addressed the importance in the history of geopolitics for three reasons in his work; for its god's eye global view; for its division of the globe into vast swaths of history, and for its sweeping story of geography's conditioning influence on the course of history and politics. First, he argues that "Geopolitics is a new way of seeing international politics as a unified worldwide scene" and adopts a god's eye global view which looks down on what he calls "the stage of the whole world": For the first time we can perceive something of the real proportion of features and events on the stage of the whole world and may seek a formula which shall express certain aspects, at any rate, of geographical causation in history. In this sentence, 'we' implies the geopolitical experts, educated and privileged white men who can perceive the real political features. This sentence shows all the basic elements of imperialist geopolitics, such as the divine eye gaze on the world, only experts can perceive the real and the desire to reveal laws to explain all of history. However, this view has been criticized for the reason that imperialists only see within the structures of meaning provided by their socialization into certain backgrounds, intellectual contexts and political culture and beliefs. Second, he suggests the map of "The Natural Seats of Power". To illustrate his thesis geographically, Mackinder labels enormous tracts of territory with simple identities like "pivot area." He eliminates the tremendous geographical diversity and specificity of places on earth. Difference becomes sameness. Geographical heterogeneity becomes geopolitical homogeneity. Third, he argues "the geographical causation of history" in the application of the sweeping theory. At the centre of this theory shows the relationship between physical geography and transportation technology. Until the end of nineteenth century, sea power was the supreme, but by then, railroads were making it possible to move large armies quickly over vast land areas. Mackinder wanted his government, which had achieved glory as a sea power, to be prepared for the rise of a land power, obviously Germany at that time. In his famous "heartland theory", he renamed Euro-Asia, "the world island" and the "pivot area", "the heartland". Who rules East Europe commands the Heartland; Who rules the Heartland commands the world island; Who rules the world island commands the world. According to his simple strategic argument, what must be prevented is German expansionism in Eastern Europe and a German alliance with the Soviet Union for the time. In spite of his effort, his idea had a little impact on British foreign policy. The reason is said that his way of interpreting human history is too simplistic and far geographically deterministic,

Saturday, November 23, 2019

Website Analysis essays

Website Analysis essays The Rhode Island Department of the Attorney General' s Website is very easily accessed through any Internet provider. The domain address for this site is Http://www.riag.state.ri.us. This site was just uploaded in June when Sheldon Whitehouse took office. The site was completely re designed. When the home page is opened, the background is a soft white. The logo for the attorney generals office is a banner across the top of the page. The page shows a small picture of the Sheldon Whitehouse, the attorney general of Rhode Island. The site links are on the left side of the page. These links are broken-down into three categories: The Department, Divisions, and Public Information. Current news is down the right side. Under neither the picture of Sheldon Whitehouse are some other bulleted links. Below that is a contact line that encourages questions and comments. Along the bottom of the page is a navigation bar that gives the user access to any of the links along the left side of the page. The home page is has a classic WebPages design. The two graphics on the page do the best to not draw away from the overall purpose of the page. The graphics are subtle enough but give it a nice change of pace, other than just text. The design after this is the same on every page. The text or information is on the left and the links are on the right of the page. The links are organized in a block navigation bar. The categories are titled in white with a blue background. The individual links are in black with a yellow background. The navigation box is very user friendly and they work. All of the other information on the page is links also. They are linked in blue hypertext. All information on the home page is linked to articles with more information once selected. Along the left side is the current news. All of the links that are attached to the homepage are design with the same plain white background and have the logo across t ...

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Movie Review - Dr Strangelove Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Movie Review - Dr Strangelove - Essay Example General Jack D. Ripper, played by Sterling Hayden for instance, ordered attack on Soviet Union because he believed USSR was contaminating their foods and drinks through fluoridation, claiming to be the most monstrous conceived and dangerous communist plot. When asked about when he had the idea starting, he admits that he had it during sexual acts where he noticed something wrong with his fluids which was really amusing because his basis as a man with rank, was simply based on his personal experience without evidence that other people are suffering from such condition or if the process is actually happening and not just a rumor. Since the film was made in 1964, just two years after the Cuban Missile Crisis where Soviet Union and the United States held meetings regarding the bases in Cuba which were believed to house a number of nuclear weapons aimed in destroying most of the United States, communications made between the two nations in the attempt to maintain peace, are evident in the movie. With the cold war going on, Soviet Union made its bases in Cuba while the United States allied with Italy and Turkey for similar purposes. However, in the end, they both dismantled their bases with the understanding that each should mutually ensure the safety of the other. This condition is portrayed in the film on another angle with the creation of the doomsday machine which could ensure the safety of Soviet Union from any attack. Making a machine that is automatically triggered when an attack is made on the Soviet nations, they can be sure that they never lost the attack because of the doomsday machine that will cost the lives of all the people on the earth, with it having the impossibility of being untriggered. This then gives a sense of security to Soviet Union because then, their enemies would not dare bring close a single missile near the country. However, the

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

Common sources of success or failure of startup firms Essay

Common sources of success or failure of startup firms - Essay Example While it is important for the economy to have influx of new, innovative, and entrepreneurial companies the actual success rate of new companies is dismally poor. In fact, 90% of all new companies launched in the UK will fail within the first two years (ibid). There are proven strategies and models available which can help increase success and growth rates, and one such strategy consists of thinking the project through and preparation of a business plan. 'Perhaps the most important step in launching any new venture or expanding an existing one is the construction of a business plan.'(Barrow et al, 2001:6). Although a business plan has several purposes and target audiences, most are produced with a limited view of enabling the raising of finance. Raising finance is critical for the success of the venture and 'the business plan is the minimum document required by a financing source' (Kuratko and Hodgetts, 2001: 289). More than three-quarters of business angels require a business plan before they will consider investing (Mason and Harrison, 1996). However, at the core of a successful enterprise is a planning and control effort that must recognise the needs of the venture and reduce it to a plan for systems that will help monitor and control execution as well as to milestone progress, or lack of it. Uncertainty and change are the norm and a successful business plan must have the inbuilt flexibility to manage change and meet exigencies that arise during the course of operations. This report looks at the most common reasons for failure of start-up businesses and this is used to inform suggested strategy for the preparation of a good business plan. A plan that will address not only the need of submission to banks and potential investors but also to the other audience, such as suppliers, distributors, major customers etc. Above all it will guide decision making in new ventures and lay a clear path to be followed for success of the new venture. This study limits itself to small and medium sized enterprises. Success and Failure While success is easy to understand, i.e. it implies that the projections of performance have not only been met but may have been exceeded as well. Definition of failure is more difficult and has been variously defined as discontinuance of ownership' of the business (Williams, 1993); discontinuance of the business' itself (Dekimpe and Morrison, 1991); and bankruptcy' (Hall and Young, 1991). In the following passages we explore what fundamental causes help a newly started business flourish and conversely what are the main reasons for failure. Different authorities have analysed the prime reasons for success and failure of start-up ventures. Quantitative studies by Lussier and Corman (1995); Everett and Watson (1998); Lau and Boon (1996); Lussier (1996); and Van Gelderen and Frese (1998) (quoted in Riquelme & Watson, 2002) have been used to formulate the reasons for the failure of new business ventures. The primary reasons are placed in a tabulated format as an appendix to this report. The highlights of the findings of the studies cited are discussed briefly below. The most important criterion appears to be the managerial team. For example, Macmillan et al (1985) conclude that the quality of the entrepreneur ultimately determines the investment decision of venture capitalists, notably a thorough

Sunday, November 17, 2019

Ability to recall from memory an event Essay Example for Free

Ability to recall from memory an event Essay A study by Loftus and Palmer (1974) into the accuracy of Eye Witness Testimony aimed to find out if changing the wording of a question could distort ones ability to recall from memory an event. They showed their participants a series of car crash videos before asking them to fill out a questionnaire. One of the most important questions included asking the participants what speed the cars were travelling at. They used an independent measures design to divide the participants into 5 conditions: Smashed, Collided, Bumped, Hit, Contacted. The results from this experiment provide good research into accuracy of eyewitness testimony because it found that by changing the wording of a question, it significantly influenced the speeds given by the participants. For example, those in the smashed condition provided the highest average of speed of 40.8mph, whilst those in the contacted conditions average were merely 31.8mph. Similarly, when called back a week later and asked if any broken glass was seen, they found that although there wasnt any present, 32% in the smashed condition said they had seen broken glass. Loftus and Palmer therefore concluded that by using the word smash it gives suggestions of strong impact and thus shows that leading questions have an impact on the accuracy of eyewitness ability to re-call situations. The strengths from this study include providing useful insight for the police so they know that when interviewing witnesses they should be aware of the way they phrase their questions to ensure the memory of the witness isnt distorted in any way. Similarly, it shows that juries should be thoughtful before accepting the validity of a witness when listening to eye witness testimonies.  On the other hand there are also weaknesses to this study. Firstly, it lacks mundane realism and ecological validity because the film shown has less emotional impact than a real life situation would and the participants knew they were about to watch a film so thus transferred their full attention to the video, whereas in real life they would be taken by surprise. Similarly, contradictory evidence from Yuille and Cutshall (1986) weakens the credibility of this study. They interviewed people that had witnessed an incident where someone was shot dead and fatally injured and found that the witnesses accounts were not influenced by the leading questions and were in fact very clear. This suggests that more intense incidents perhaps improve ability of re-call. Other psychological research into anxiety and violence tells us more about accuracy of eye witness testimony. Yerkes-Dodson Law for example believed that an increase in arousal increases performance up to a certain point, which they called optimum level. They believed that once arousal when higher or lower than this level it would affect memory performance. This is supported by Peters (1988) who found that those receiving inoculations in a clinic (an anxiety generating event) found it difficult in accurately identifying the nurse who issued their jab. One can conclude that this was due to the high levels of arousal surrounding the participant during the time of the jab. Moreover, researcher has been conducted into whether attention focus or anxiety was the sole reason behind poor recall. Loftus Burns (1982) found that details of less-violent crimes were more accurate than details of highly violent crimes. Whilst Clifford scott (1978) found that witnesses to violent incidents generally re-call less than witness to non violent, regardless of whether a weapon was used. This shows that the level of violence involved in the incident had a strong influence on the accuracy of eyewitness testimony. Lastly, there is also research into how age affects accuracy of eyewitness testimony. Studies have shown that children are more likely to get influenced if tested on eye witness testimony than adults due to things such as language ability or memory processes. Evidence into language ability comes from Goodman and Schaaf (1997) who found that the more complex the question, the less accurate the answer given by the child. This suggests that one aspect of ensuring that eyewitness testimony remains accurate is to not test the child on skills that they are not fully developed in yet e.g. complex language. This is backed by a study by Ceci et al (2000) who found that children aged between 3-4 years were more influenced by leading questions. Research into memory processes shows that children may lack detail but not accuracy when it comes to re-call, which was found by Goodman and Reed (1986). Similarly, Memon et al (2003) studied the accuracy of young and older eye witnesses found that after 35 minutes there was no difference in accuracy of identification however, after 1 week, the older generation worsened significantly more than the younger generation.  To conclude, there has been a great deal of research into the accuracy of eye witness testimony and this has shown that there are many things that influence someones ability to re-call a situation accurately. Therefore, one could say that Eye witness testimony isnt the most accurate method.

Friday, November 15, 2019

Sociology Essays Child Socialising Society

Sociology Essays Child Socialising Society Child Socialising Society Socialisation Every child comes into this world like wet clay, completely bereft of any vices, habits and behavioural patterns. Socialising is the process by which the child moulds itself and learns the process of interacting and surviving in society. There are various key factors that influence this process the family, the peers, the school, society and religious beliefs. The first point of contact to the child and also the most important factor is always the family. The ethics and behaviour that is followed at home is always imbibed unconsciously by the child. Parents are generally role models for children. Hence the socializing skills are passed on in most cases to the offspring. Elder siblings are also a source of influence. It is because of this reason that in the joint family system that existed previously in India, the children were always better adjusted to society. They had such a plethora of individuals to study and imbibe from that under any given circumstances in life, they would adjust and adapt freely. But in the present nuclear family system, the parents play an even more important role in shaping a child’s behavioural patterns. And even in the same family no two children can be the same. This is where the nature versus nurture debate comes in. The genetically ingrained nature has to be nurtured to conform to the rules of society. The most absorptive years in one’s life is till the age of 10. An individual is always on the path of learning but the foundation of what a person becomes is laid during these formative years. Various societies inculcate varied socializing skills amongst their members. It does not indicate that one culture is superior to the other. It just depends on the way that the civilization under study has progressed. A civilization which has cultivated its young generation with a common set of rules and a uniform educational system is more likely to be homogenous and more at harmony amongst themselves. But on the other hand it is also seen that heterogeneous communities, like the United States of America, benefit from the presence of various ethnic minority communities. Each minority community brings along with it, its culture, its ethnicity, their customs etc. Having so many socializing influences makes the parent society a more tolerant one. 1 There are also found to be two types of socializing, depending on the nature of factors that influence them. Positive socializing is one in which a person learns through good and happy experiences. Parents teaching their kids from their experiences, learning from books or from peers are some example of positive socializing. Positive socializing can take on the form of natural socializing and planned socializing. Find out how our expert essay writers can help you with your work Natural socializing is when a child through his own inquisitiveness starts exploring and learning from the various situations around him/her. The way a child responds to such situations is generally genetically ingrained. Planned socializing is when various external factors like parents, teachers, school curriculum, religious doctrines and social dictates try to change the internal response system of the child to conform to more socially acceptable norms. Negative socializing happens when a person understands or begins to comprehend after undergoing a bad experience or ‘learning the hard way’ as it is said. Learning the valuable lesson, that over speeding is dangerous, after meeting with an accident is an example of negative socializing. The victim of a rape too undergoes the trauma of negative socializing after which she shrinks into her own shell and abhors social contact.   Life is always a mixture of positive and negative experiences. The more positive experiences in socializing one has, the happier or more positive the person gets. More negative socializing in a person’s life gets him demoralised and unhappy.   At any given point in time an individual is usually the sum total of his prior socialisation or past experiences. 2 A person does not have any hold over choosing ones parents and place of birth. Thus, effectively a person has no control over the initial socializing influences that one gets in the first 10 or 20 yrs of ones life. But it depends on a person as to how he uses his prior socializing skills and observation power to make a better tomorrow for himself. He should learn from his past and from the situations around himself to better himself. Thus self actualization will set in and a person can work towards his dream of a better tomorrow. 1. http://anthro.palomar.edu/social/soc_1.html 2. http://www.soc.ucsb.edu/faculty/baldwin/classes/soc142/scznDEF.html 3. http://www.delmar.edu/socsci/rlong/intro/social.html 4. Writers Own Analysis

Tuesday, November 12, 2019

E-Books and Traditional Books

Throughout history of people, writing is the most significant way of communication and knowledge sharing. Human written on the walls and stones in the beginning. After that papers took the place of walls and stones. At the present time, thanks to technological advancement, lettering can write on electronic devices that called as e-books. This situation causes argument between e-book and paper book. It is argued that e-books will take the place of paper books in the future; in spite of benefits of e-books people should paper books, since it causes negative results such as physical sickness on human body, being less interactive and being easily copied. It is claimed that e-books can be read anywhere such as on the bus, in a cafe, subway, airplanes thanks to computer and smart phones; however this advantages result in physical sickness on human body. Computers and smart phones can have hundred of e-books in their memories. For this reason their using areas increasing day to day. Nevertheless this situation is not suitable in terms of human health. Because of making heavy weather of electronic devices for instance looking at screen for a long time, some disorders observable such as eye strain and headaches. Furthermore, due to screen resolution lower than paper, reading on e-books is more difficult. It is clear that e-books devices are harmful for human body. Another frequently heard arguments in favour of e-books is based on thanks to e-books nature is protected, however electronic books without paper less interactive. It stated that forests are destroyed for paper. Therefore e-books are appearing like eco-friend. Nonetheless only old and broken trees are cut to produce paper. In addition, electronic books are lower interaction between reader and writer. As Stokes states e-books are make it difficult to easily mark them up via underlining, highlighting and marginal notes (n. d). In briefly, paper books should be preferred in terms of interaction. Although it is argued that e- books are more available in global world and they are more economic, they are make it difficult to duplicate. It is often maintained that when you have a laptop and wireless internet connection, you can download all of books. Besides cost of e-books are lower than printed versions due to no printing expenses. However, e-books can be downloaded and shared via internet. Thanks to computer and smart phones, e-books are copied without difficult. Besides e-books can be easily hacked,stolen,lost on the internet without approval from the author or publisher. It is indicated in Wikipedia, duplicating of paper books in an amateur printing press is more difficult. To sum up, traditional books should be prefer by readers because they are more interactive, more reliable for preventing to copy and they do not have physical sickness on human body. Even if electronic devices are improved rapidly, none of them can not give friendliness and paper smell of traditional books to readers. They might be our closed friend whatever our age.

Sunday, November 10, 2019

Dionysus with Pan

The chosen art piece, from Roman origin, is titled â€Å"Dionysus† and portrayed Dionysus, the god of wine, with his follower Pan. This artwork is a great example of Greek art’s influence in Roman artwork. The main elements of Greek’s naturalistic art, specifically of High Classical period, are rendered beautifully in this piece combined with distinctive elements from verism, unique to Roman art. So, the idealism of Greek art and the individualism of Roman art come together to create an art piece that is divine, mythical, and yet very human and therefore, relatable.This piece of art depicted the interaction between Dionysus and Pan in a form of sculpture. The sculpture was created from beautiful marble in A. D. 50 – 150. The work is three dimensional and still in excellent shape. There is almost no sign of physical or visible damage on sculpture which is rare because it has been created about two thousand years ago. This durability of the piece must be cre dited to the sculptor for having engineering intelligence to make the sculpture stay intact for so long.The artwork includes organic and fluid lines because each body feature of Dionysus and Pan is smooth, graceful, and very close to the natural form. The way Dionysus’ left leg is crossed over his right leg conveys that both were just standing and not moving. It is not telling a specific story; rather, it is just taking a moment out of the life of two people which are of a god and his follower in this case. The texture is smooth since it was created from marble. Dionysus’s characteristics of being the god of wine are represented in several elements in this work.The elements include the ritual staff with pinecone head in his right hand that he is known to carry, the wreath of grapes and wines enhancing his beautiful curls, and the wine cup on his left hand. Dionysus is resting his left hand on Pan’s right shoulder. The goat skin on Pan and Dionysus and the tree t runk that both are leaning on convey that they both reside in a forest or in out in nature. Pan, the follower, has the upper body of a human and lower body and the horns of a goat.This mythical creature is holding a stick, for hunting rabbits, in his right hand and looking up at Dionysus with great admiration. Pan’s left arm is wrapped around Dionysus’ back. Pan’s body is smaller, about two-thirds of Dionysus’ body, in comparison to Dionysus indicating Pan’s status as a follower perhaps. However, both are in perfect proportions. This work of art is a mix of naturalism and verism. The beautiful perfect skin, the appropriately proportional body and the beauty of young Dionysus are much idealized.The god of wine doesn’t have the body structure of an athlete; however, the body features and muscles are quite in proportion and yet humanized. Dionysus’ face is very humanlike because it displays a certain sense of kindness and relaxedness. Th ere is no sign of stress, discomfort, or detachedness on his face. Dionysus has his left leg crossed over his right leg and he is leaning on Pan on his left. Dionysus’ unique pose is a varied version of contrapposto pose which was so common in the High Classical sculptures. This pose means that the weight of the body is supported by one leg, right leg in this case.This pose illustrates relaxed state of mind and makes the audience feel that Dionysus is at ease. He also has his left hand resting on Pan while holding the wine cup. This shows that Dionysus is trusted by Pan and Pan is also trusted by him because Pan has his right arm around Dionysus’ waist. This close distance mainly exemplifies love, faith and intimacy of a relationship. The naturalism and intimacy depicted in this art is similar to the playfulness and lightheartedness defined in Late Classical Period and specifically in the sculpture â€Å"Hermes and the Infant Dionysus†.Dionysus in â€Å"Dionysu s† is slender, softer, and graceful similar to Hermes in â€Å"Hermes and the Infant Dionysus†. This is a slight contrast to the canon of proportions in High Classical. The use of emotion makes the Gods look real and humanlike which is also a contrast to the idealized works of High Classical Greek works. Another similarity between the two sculptures is how Hermes and Dionysus are leaning on the tree trunk for support and representing the forest as background.Overall, the work is more realistic than naturalistic which is conveyed by the verism represented in the awestruck like expression of Pan, the kindness and calmness reflecting on Dionysus and their intimacy with each other. By including Pan in this work, the sculptor makes the audience view Dionysus in awe from the eyes of Pan. It makes the audience think that Dionysus is the type of God who is kind, calm, composed, humane, and not strict or unforgiving. Therefore, the most significant part of this artwork is the ge nuine yet stimulating interaction between Dionysus and Pan that makes this art so real and relevant. ?

Friday, November 8, 2019

Troubles with Academic Papers Essay Writing App List is at Your Service!

Troubles with Academic Papers Essay Writing App List is at Your Service! Troubles with Academic Papers? Essay Writing App List is at Your Service! If you are having trouble with your academic papers, there is help available. You can get an essay writing app to lend you a hand. There are many suitable writing apps for essay crafting which help students to avoid succumbing to distractions. They are also designed to help them better manage their time so that academic papers do not seem impossible. Below are 7 essay writing apps which are best suited for students: iA writer It is an app with a clear interface which is very easy to use. It helps students to write articles, essays, or poems in no time without difficult settings or complicated interfaces. Pages Students who use Apple technologies can turn to Pages. This app lets them create documents, edit them, and view them no matter where they are. This is particular beneficial for students because it affords them the opportunity to write down an epiphany, a change, or an edit to something whenever creativity sparks. When sitting on a bus, or reflecting before bed, students might have a great idea perfect for their next paper which they can write down instantly. There are also templates already available for download, so that students can make reports or essays easily. After this, students can share the files they have made with teachers or other students. Articles This app lets students research easily for their upcoming project, putting together chapters, maps, and a table of contents for the writing they have. This makes it easy to trace notes and keep track of research. Plain Text It works as a text editor and has a simple interface which looks strikingly similar to that of a piece of paper. The best feature associated with this app is the ability to create documents and organize them in a folder, then sync that folder with Dropbox. When taking notes, downloading journal articles, and typing multiple drafts, this feature works incredibly well for students. Notebooks This is an app which lets students create content and organize digital notes. Students can divide their research into sub projects and then cross reference the items they have filed. Additionally students can keep track of PDF pages, word documents, and Excel documents too. Papers It is a wonderful app for research, as it allows students the opportunity to browse hundreds of articles online and in a personalized library, and then search for the articles based on name or title. Students can then rate the articles for quality and utilize a built-in citation and reference feature to create their bibliography easily. Clean Writer It keeps writing to a minimum with automatic saving, integration for Dropbox and even email sending, so students can automatically send their email content to themselves or to other people. Overall, there are many great essay writing services and applications available which make it easier for students to get their academic work done on time. No longer do students need to suffer alone. Now there are apps to help get through even the most difficult writing assignments.

Wednesday, November 6, 2019

A Profile of Greek Mathematician Eratosthenes

A Profile of Greek Mathematician Eratosthenes Eratosthenes (c.276-194 B.C.), a mathematician, is known for his mathematical calculations and geometry. Eratosthenes was called Beta (the second letter of the Greek alphabet) because he was never first, but he is more famous than his Alpha teachers because his discoveries are still used today. Chief among these are the calculation of the circumference of the earth (note: the Greeks did know the earth was spherical) and the development of a mathematical sieve named after him. He made a calendar with leap years, a 675-star catalog, and maps. He recognized the Niles source was a lake, and that rains in the lake region caused the Nile to flood. Eratosthenes - Life and Career Facts Eratosthenes was the third librarian at the famous Library of Alexandria. He studied under the Stoic philosopher Zeno, Ariston, Lysanias, and the poet-philosopher Callimachus. Eratosthenes wrote a Geographica based on his calculations of the circumference of the earth. Eratosthenes is reported to have starved himself to death at Alexandria in 194 B.C. Writing of Eratosthenes Much of what Eratosthenes wrote is now lost, including a geometrical treatise, On Means, and one on the mathematics behind Platos philosophy, Platonicus. He also wrote the fundamentals of astronomy in a poem called Hermes. His most famous calculation, in the now lost treatise On the Measurement of the Earth, explains how he compared the shadow of the sun at Summer Solstice noon in two places, Alexandria and Syene. Eratosthenes Calculates the Circumference of the Earth By comparing the shadow of the sun at Summer Solstice noon at Alexandria and Syene, and knowing the distance between the two, Eratosthenes calculated the circumference of the earth.The sun shone directly into a well at Syene at noon. At Alexandria, the angle of inclination of the sun was about 7 degrees. With this information, and knowing that Syene was 787 km due south of Alexandrian  Eratosthenes calculated the circumference of the earth to be 250,000 stadia (about 24,662 miles).

Sunday, November 3, 2019

The Use of Conflict Management Styles Across Different Cultures Term Paper

The Use of Conflict Management Styles Across Different Cultures - Term Paper Example The paper has highlighted that individualistic cultures that have low power distance, high sense of individualism and achievement will encourage competing while collectivism cultures prefer to avoid conflicts in order to maintain relationships. Korea and Malaysian cultures will accommodate conflicts while Brazilian and Argentine cultures will compromise conflicts due to equal power distance. Multicultural societies like Britain can consider different views and collaborate in order to manage the conflict. Conflict is a contest or struggle between people with opposing views, ideas, values and goals and usually leads to adverse outcomes (Ting-Toomey, 2012). Conflict management refers to the process of limiting the negative aspects of conflicts through enhancing the positive aspects of conflict. Conflict management recognizes that conflicts are inevitable and cannot be resolved and thus should be managed to minimize the adverse effects of conflict escalation. The conflict management styles differ across cultures since the norms, belief systems and values influence the appropriateness of the style in conflict management. Avuruch (1998) outlines the five major conflict management styles that include competing, compromising, accommodating, avoiding and collaborating. Various research studies have identified cultural differences in conflict management styles since high context cultures are less assertive and confrontational while Western cultures that are low context are mainly confrontatio nal (Yu & Chen, 2008, p 153). Some studies concluded that Chinese executives display avoiding and compromising behaviors while dealing with conflicts unlike British executives who prefer competing and collaborating styles in managing conflicts in their organizations. Asian cultures such as Japan, India and China prefer non-confrontational strategies in dealing with conflicts due to the collectivism, close

Friday, November 1, 2019

MARKETING COMMUNICATION PLAN Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

MARKETING COMMUNICATION PLAN - Essay Example McDonalds’s Corporation has redesigned its strategy for communication with great focus on the target audience (recipient). The strategy is designed to pass information to both internal and external parties, having interest in McDonald’s. Internal communication strategy targets mainly the staffs and shareholders, channels used to are intranet network and newsletter. External parties mainly consumers and potential investors are kept in touch with the company through promotion. The channels use is mainly advertisement using online platform and billboards, which updates them on the company’s products and services. The Corporation has an enormous number of customers of over 68 million in 119 countries whom it has had since its inception and who are loyal to their products. Royalty between the customers and the corporation creates a solid foundation for the development of a new product. The corporation has an enormous income of over 6 billion us dollars that it can use a portion of the revenue collected to market the already newly developed product in the market. Due to their financial stability, the corporation can employ well-trained staffs who can sell the product with diligence and excellence. Extension of their services on top of the services already offered may increase the difficulty of management issues, therefore, the need to employ people who are highly skilled with huge experience in the sector. United States of America has a well established political stability; political stability encourages investment and development of the already existing businesses. McDonald’s Corporation having being located in this region provides a base for its growth and development. U.S.A has different people with different cultural practices. Due to their diversity in culture introduction of Halal meat by McDonald’s Corporation will be highly embraced by quite a

Wednesday, October 30, 2019

Food Culture of Hong Kong Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Food Culture of Hong Kong - Essay Example Other than a short period when the island was under the hands of the Japanese, it has been under the British rule and has grown from its first state to become a great industrial and manufacturing center with many foreign firms relocating to the island. The people of Hong Kong attach great importance to food and express these in many places, including websites and even on Facebook and Twitter. The city has been aptly referred to as the culinary capital of Asia due to the diversities of foods and dishes that are found on restaurant and family tables of Hong Kong. The food culture is one that they attach great importance to what they eat, and take great care in picking it (Anderson, 2005). For example, iced lemon tea is a very common drink in restaurants and it comes in different prices pertaining to the amount of ice or sugar the customer would like, many taking into consideration that a great amount of sugar will make one fat or that more ice will have the customer drinking more water than the lemon tea. The people of Hong Kong are very meticulous in their food display and arrangement, attaching great detail to each food category. A certain type of food arrangement can even be some smaller divisions derived from the main division but have some changes in the ingredients. A type of dish called the ‘Shao Mai’, for example, is made of pork and shrimp wrapped in a thin white layer of flour and displayed in a steamer basket, but however, there are smaller dishes of the same made of purple rice or a very traditional dish of ‘Shao Mai’ made of quail’s eggs as the wrappings (DeWolf et al, 2010). This latter dish has existed through the ages but is becoming outdated, becoming replaced by the other two. The people of Hong Kong generally have no fixed time for eating and, thus, will be found eating very early or very late. The working culture due to industrialization and manufacturing makes them very hard working people who put in

Monday, October 28, 2019

Column and Thin Layer Chromatography Essay Example for Free

Column and Thin Layer Chromatography Essay Abstract Spinach extract was separated into fractions containing compounds of similar polarity by column chromatography. Based on solid-liquid phase partitioning, this separation technique exploited the different polarity of the compounds in the spinach extract. Three fractions with different colors were obtained. The extract and its fractions were analyzed using thin layer chromatography (TLC). The TLC results showed that there was one compound (Rf=0. 979) in the first fraction; there were three compounds (Rf1=0.839, Rf2= 0.691, Rf3=0.149) in the second fraction; there was one compound (Rf=0.017) in the third fraction. The separations of compounds which went to the first and third fraction were relatively satisfying, while the second fraction had several kinds of compounds. Introduction Chromatography is the separation of compounds or ions by distribution between two phases—a mobile phase and a stationary phase. The technique is based on the differential absorptivities of the constituents between these two phases, due to different properties of the compounds to be separated and the nature of the two phases involved. If one constituent adheres more to the stationary phase than the mobile one, separation will be achieved. There are several different types of chromatography, such as thin layer chromatography (TLC), gas chromatography (GC) and column chromatography. All the chromatographic methods are based on partitioning of molecules between a stationary phase and a mobile phase. In order to measure the amount of partitioning between the two phases, each compound has an unique Partition Coefficient (Kp), which is defined as the ratio of concentrations of the compound between the stationary phase and the mobile phase: Kp=[x]sp/[x]mp. Therefore, if Kp is greater than 1, the substance adheres more to the stationary phase; if Kp is smaller than 1, the substance adheres more to the mobile phase; if the Kp is equal to 1, the probabilities of the substance to adhere to the two phases are roughly the same. The Kp value is depended on a multitude of factors: â€Å"polarity, solubility in the solvent, hydrogen bonding, volatility in the case of gas chromatography.† After the injection, the sample molecules will either stay in the mobile phase or adhere to the stationary phase. When the mobile phase is pushed through the stationary phase by the eluent, the mobile phase, the molecules will move through the column at a rate that depends on their different Kp value. For example, if one constituent is more polar than other and adheres more to the stationary phase when the stationary phase is more polar than the mobile phase, this constituent will lag behind; while the constituent that is less polar and adheres less to the stationary phase will move ahead. In this way, the sample can be separated into fractions containing compounds of similar polarity. The differences among the various types of chromatography are mostly depended on the nature of the two phases involved. Column and thin layer chromatography use solid stationary phase and liquid mobile phase; while GC uses a gas as mobile phase and a liquid as stationary phase. Compared with TLC and column chromatography, GC is a more sophisticated method. Discussion The intent of this experiment was to successfully separate the constituents of spinach extract using column chromatography. The results of the separation were analyzed by TLC to reveal in which fraction the compounds of the mixture were. Since both of the samples of the first fraction and the third had only one developed spot on the TLC plate, the separation of the compounds in the first and third fractions were relatively satisfying. However, there were 3 different compounds reveled for the second fraction. Since the color of the first fraction was yellow and the color of the second and third fractions were green, the major compound in the first fraction should be Carotenes, the yellow-orange pigment; while the major compounds in the second fraction and the third fraction should be Chlorophyll. During the process of column chromatography, the first band gained in the column was very clear and the color was yellow. The second band gained in the column was green and the thickness of t he second band was greater than the first. Also, the green color of the second band varied, and colorless area was observed in the second band. Compared with the first band, the second band showed an unsatisfying separation result. Since there was colorless area and various green colors in the second band, the second fraction must contained several constituents, which was examined by the TLC results—there were 3 developed spots of the second fraction sample on the TLC plate. As for the third fraction, there was no clear band in the column while adding the last eluent. The concentration of the compound in third fraction was relatively small, resulting in a very small Rf value, 0.017. Compared with the spots of the second fraction sample, which had a much clearer spot with similar Rf value, 0.839, the compound in the third fraction must existed in a large amount in the second fraction. In addition, these 2 spots had the same light green color, which can also examine this conclusion. The lower concentration can also due to the unsatisfying spotting. The diameter of the undeveloped spot in the third fraction was larger than the first and second one, because too much solvent was used. Also, multiple times of spotting was needed. Observing the spots color, the clearest spot in the second fraction had a more intense green color, which showed that the compound in this fraction should be Chlorophyll a. While the major compound in the third fraction should be Chlorophyll a, with a lighter color and lower Rf value. The ideal solvent system should result in Rf values ranging from 0.24 to 0.54. However, in this experiment, none of the Rf value was in this range. Therefore, the polarity gradient of the eluents should be narrowed, which can result in more spots in the ideal range. Since there were 3 spots in the second fraction sample, over 4 eluents are needed to give a better separation, assuming the spot with lowest Rf value in the second fraction had the same compound as the spot in the third fraction sample.

Saturday, October 26, 2019

An Ethnographic Study of Social Change in Amish Society :: Religion Culture Heritage Papers

An Ethnographic Study of Social Change in Amish Society On March 23, 1998, I carried out an interview and field observation to confirm a previous hypothesis on Amish social change and survival. I hypothesized, based on library research and personal experience, that Amish society was not static but dynamic and affected by many factors such as economics and cultural survival. In order to check the validity of my hypothesis I arranged to spend a full Sunday (March 23, 1998), with an Amish family. I attended church services at the Westhaven Amish-Mennonite Church in New Holland, Pennsylvania, and afterward spent the day observing and interviewing with an Amish dairy farmer named Aaron and his wife Anna. They have six children and live on a dairy farm in Lancaster County Pennsylvania, which is a large farming community. I met Aaron and his family roughly four years ago while in Lancaster County with my family and since then our families have remained in close contact. Thus, to do an ethnography on the Amish, my primary informant was Aaron, som eone I was already comfortable speaking with. What I found in the process of my observation and interview was that my hypothesis on social change and survival was greatly influenced by my own secular and scientific world view. I had also underplayed the importance of certain key ideas which help to explain Amish cultural ideologies, Amish survival, Amish social change, and dynamics. I found that religion, more than I had assumed, played a crucial role in Amish survival in America. The Amish family, I also found, contributed to the rate of Social Change. Prosperity, to my surprise, played a greater part in social change than I had previously thought. In addition, I was able to establish the accuracy of other research information on Amish society that I had collected and observed. Realizing that vast cultural cleavages exist between Amish society and my own, I am not surprised, in retrospect, to find communications, as is probably common in most anthropological studies, was the most difficult aspect of my interview. The educational barrier that existed between myself and Aaron during the interview was one of the complications that I experienced. What I had not thought about before carrying out my interview with Aaron, was that he would not be familiar with Sociological, Anthropological, and Economic concepts, terms, and theories which I had learned through my college education. An Ethnographic Study of Social Change in Amish Society :: Religion Culture Heritage Papers An Ethnographic Study of Social Change in Amish Society On March 23, 1998, I carried out an interview and field observation to confirm a previous hypothesis on Amish social change and survival. I hypothesized, based on library research and personal experience, that Amish society was not static but dynamic and affected by many factors such as economics and cultural survival. In order to check the validity of my hypothesis I arranged to spend a full Sunday (March 23, 1998), with an Amish family. I attended church services at the Westhaven Amish-Mennonite Church in New Holland, Pennsylvania, and afterward spent the day observing and interviewing with an Amish dairy farmer named Aaron and his wife Anna. They have six children and live on a dairy farm in Lancaster County Pennsylvania, which is a large farming community. I met Aaron and his family roughly four years ago while in Lancaster County with my family and since then our families have remained in close contact. Thus, to do an ethnography on the Amish, my primary informant was Aaron, som eone I was already comfortable speaking with. What I found in the process of my observation and interview was that my hypothesis on social change and survival was greatly influenced by my own secular and scientific world view. I had also underplayed the importance of certain key ideas which help to explain Amish cultural ideologies, Amish survival, Amish social change, and dynamics. I found that religion, more than I had assumed, played a crucial role in Amish survival in America. The Amish family, I also found, contributed to the rate of Social Change. Prosperity, to my surprise, played a greater part in social change than I had previously thought. In addition, I was able to establish the accuracy of other research information on Amish society that I had collected and observed. Realizing that vast cultural cleavages exist between Amish society and my own, I am not surprised, in retrospect, to find communications, as is probably common in most anthropological studies, was the most difficult aspect of my interview. The educational barrier that existed between myself and Aaron during the interview was one of the complications that I experienced. What I had not thought about before carrying out my interview with Aaron, was that he would not be familiar with Sociological, Anthropological, and Economic concepts, terms, and theories which I had learned through my college education.

Thursday, October 24, 2019

Aluminium is the third most common element on Earth after oxygen and silicon

Aluminium is the third most common element on Earth after oxygen and silicon. The aluminium industry had a Gross Domestic Product of $3.1 billion in1997/98, ranking the aluminium industry amongst Australia's leading manufacturers and employs over 16000 people directly. The total value of export earnings was about $6.3 billion in 1998/99, second only to coal as an export industry for Australia. These facts underline the fact that the aluminium industry is a major asset to Australia and is world competitive. Aluminium is important to us currently and is used from everything from soft drink cans to car bodies to window frames. Aluminium is lightweight, strong, long-lasting, highly corrosion resistant as a protective oxide coating is naturally generated, is an excellent heat and electricity conductor, has good reflective properties, is very ductile, completely impermeable and odourless and totally recyclable. Despite this, less than 200 tonnes in 1885 were produced compared to approximately 22 million tonnes in 1998 – plus some 5 million tonnes of recycled Aluminium. This is because aluminium is so highly oxidized that it can be only refined using huge amounts of electricity and electricity did not become readily available until this century. Thus, it is known as the metal of the 20th century. There are three process involved in the manufacture of Aluminium: Bauxite mining, alumina refinery and aluminium smelting. Raw Materials – Cryolite (Na3AlF6). Sodium Aluminium Fluoride. This reduces the temperature needed to electrolyse the aluminium reducing the cost. It was originally obtained from mines in Greenland, but the supply has depleted and it is now produced synthetically. – Aluminium fluoride (AlF3), calcium fluoride (CaF2) and Lithium Fluoride (LiF) which play the part of reducing the melting point of the mixture. – Alumina (Al2O3). This is obtained from bauxite, a red rock-like material, which also contains a lot of unwanted substances. Bauxite is mined in Western Australia, Queensland and Northern Territory. Bauxite mining leaves a lot of barren areas which will be investigated later. Bauxite and alumina are stored in storage bunkers. To produce aluminium metal, bauxite has to be concentrated, thus removing most impurities. Bauxite is crushed and washed to remove some of the clay and sand then dried in kilns. This is because crushed bauxite is easier to transport. The ore is loaded onto trucks, railway cars, or conveyor belts and transported to ships or refinery. The concentration of bauxite into alumina is called the Bayer process as shown below. Note that the red mud from the refinery must be carefully disposed of and this will be explore in Environmental factors. The Chemical Process To refine aluminium from alumina which contains both aluminium and oxygen, electrolysis is used, in a process known as the Hall-Heroult process. Alumina has to be liquefied (it is mixed with cryolite to reduce melting temperatures) and each cell is supplied with four to six volts and 150,000 amps of electricity. The sequence of creation is: All pots are covered so that exhaust gases are drawn into a large fume duct (will be explored later). As this involves consumable anodes, the pots cannot be sealed and every time a pot is opened, a small quantity of volatile gases escapes. For the safety and comfort of workers, the potroom needs to be well ventilated and the workers need breathing protection equipment. So much electricity is needed in this process that many smelters are located near hydro-electric plants or have their own power stations such as Alcoa which mines brown coal to generate electricity that meets 50% of its energy requirements. Approximately 16 kWh of energy is needed to produce one kg of molten metal in the Hall-Heroult Process compared to a theoretical energy of 6.34 kWh per kg of molten metal. Two main causes of this are the reoxidation of aluminium metal by carbon dioxide and high temperature, as well as side reactions wasting energy. Computers are now being used to monitor each pot continuously and set a best voltage for any particular condition reducing energy consumption. Covering the top of the anodes with an insulator to prevent them burning off and improved quality of carbon anodes reduces energy loss. Australia's comparatively has a low consumption of power for each kilogram of aluminium produced. Research is currently being done to find an alternative extraction process and the two main ways are through carbon reduction and electrolysis of aluminium chloride. The Product Aluminium, Al a Group III element is the product that results. Its properties and uses were discussed above. Other than the pure substance, alloys are also made containing copper, magnesium, manganese, chromium, silicon, nickel, iron and zinc. Quality control issues include the issue that normal refining processes do not remove all the impurities from aluminium, so most commonly used industrial aluminium already has small amounts of impurities alloyed with it. Fortunately, this makes aluminium stronger but remains easy to bend. Some alloys are less suitable for extrusion than others, requiring higher pressures, allowing only low extrusion speeds and/or having less than acceptable surface finish and section complexity. Aluminium sheets which are rolled from ingots are not flat when produced from the rolling mills. To flatten it, they are stretched between heavy-duty hydraulically-operated grips. A Micro Alignment Telescope with sweep optical square is used to check the flatness within specified tolerance to ensure the quality. One random sample for each batch of the aluminium and its alloy ingots undergo an optical spectrometry analysis to ensure that the results lie within the limits determined by Australian specification. The by-products and waste products of this product are carbon dioxide and fluoride gases as well as sulphur and nitrogen oxides. Carbon dioxide gas is a greenhouse gas and large amounts of fluorides are toxic. Sulphur and nitrogen oxides are acid rain gases. Therefore these need to be controlled and this will be investigated below in Environmental Factors. The aluminium and its alloy ingots or its processed equivalents are packed and distributed through shipping. Approximately 78% of all aluminium produced in Victoria is exported. Location Australia has six aluminium smelters located in Tasmania (one), Victoria (two), New South Wales (two) and Queensland (one). However Bauxite mines are in Queensland, Northern Territory and Western Australia. This is because the energy costs are too high to set up a plant near the mines but in Tasmania, Victoria and New South Wales electricity is cheap. As lots of electricity is used in the electrolysis, it is cheaper to transport the bauxite to the smelters than to set up a smelter near the mines and pay higher costs for electricity. Other factors that are taken into account include the labour force available (generally higher near cities), transportation of the aluminium produced (so the smelter has to be near ports, railway stations or highways), geographic factors (smelters are built in residential areas where the land is cheap) and legal factors (whether the sounds and the activities such as the fumes released and the transportation of aluminium using trucks would affect nearby residential properties who could sue). Environmental By recycling aluminium, approximately 95% of the energy (approximately 2 billion kWh of electricity) otherwise required to produce the primary metal aluminium can be saved. This makes the aluminium cheaper to manufacture as well as reduce the rapid depletion of non-renewable fossil fuels to produce electricity. When land is mined for Bauxite, active reforestation must be carried out to ensure the stability of the environment as well as ensuring that the soil left over doesn't erode and cause mud slides. Extreme care must be taken with the handling and disposal of red mud from the refineries. This is usually pumped into dams which are sealed with impervious material to prevent pollution of surrounding countryside. The manufacture of aluminium produces carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, fluoride gas, a toxic gas and other exhaust gases (such as the sulphur and nitrate oxides) that can potentially be harmful. To combat their pollution, all pots are covered and the fumes are drawn into a fume duct where the gases pass through beds of alumina which adsorbs over 99%of the fluoride. All cryolite needs to be manufactured synthetically and suitable fluorides are expensive and so they need to be recovered. The gases then pass through dust filter bags and a dry scrubber and treatment facilities to remove the greenhouse and other gases and only clean air is released. Although manufacture of aluminium uses a lot of energy and other options to mine aluminium are being investigated (as shown above), the use of aluminium itself has saved a large amount of energy because they are strong and light. It is estimated that 1,230 litres of petrol was saved in cars that used 64 kg of aluminium instead of other metals and this saved more than five times the energy required to produce each kilogram of aluminium used in the car.

Wednesday, October 23, 2019

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The contributing factors that I found were caused for the rise of racism are â€Å"the exploitation relations that Europeans established with the peoples they conquered†, â€Å"an opposition between the colors white and black as cultural symbols was deeply rooted In European culture†, and â€Å"the Invention and diffusion of the concept of race Itself. † Today racism Isn't that big of a deal Like It was back In the colonial era, but It still can show up out of nowhere. We don't have separate water fountains, we don't make African Americans sit in the back of the bus, and we don't have laws prohibiting hem on what they can and can't do.A lot has changed from then and now and it's for the better. As we think back on how we treated African Americans I think most people can say how wrong and selfish we were. To bass some ones social status on the color of their skin is not right to any degree and the world has grown from the mistakes that happened. For my major, crim inal Justice, I will deal with many situations where someone will call me racist. It's not something that will go away because sometimes African Americans rely on It to get a point across or blame what happened on you In anyway necessary.There was a time where whites believed having black was symbolic for evil. They didn't think It was right to be a different color and wanted to blame all the wrong doings or plagues on the blacks. This resulted in the formation of the UK Klux Klan where they took African American's from their homes and hung them. They didn't have to do anything wrong per say, the whites Just believed being black was wrong. The whites wanted to make African American's feel fear so they made rules they had to follow so they â€Å"kept them in line† in a way. Racism doesn't Just focus on African Americans, it can connect with Asians, and Mexicans.Racism has exists for thousands of years and I feel it will never disappear because of how parents raise their childr en to believe what they were taught growing up. Parents telling their kids that blacks are bad and they always get into trouble Isn't something you want to teach them. Everyone Is different and Like some say â€Å"you can't Judge a book by Its cover†. I also don't feel Its right to tell your kids that the police are bad people who just want to hurt you. That's not true at all so to tell your kids straight if the bat that things are set this way and you should follow this, wont help them have an open mind.Immigration is always a big deal with the whole process to become a U. S. Citizen. Immigrants are viewed as people coming to steal their jobs because the Jobs that they usually go for are minimum wage and no benefits. It's usually Mexicans who come into the U. S. And find low paying Jobs and they usually work very hard for the little money they make. Like I said before, police officers have to deal with being called a racist almost every day because they have to use force or arrest someone for a warrant.Having to e that guy to put up with It Is harder because even though you've gone through It so many times and Just want to say â€Å"I'm not racist† Just wont cut It. Police officers are doing their job and if you happen to be African American or Asian then that's the way Being young and going to school as the only African American can be tough for some if their parents taught them blacks are bad like in the colonial days. It can also be because of the area you live in, such as more whites to blacks. The way people view each other and Judge the way they look will never change, but there's always something you can do to stop it. None The contributing factors that I found were caused for the rise of racism are â€Å"the exploitation relations that Europeans established with the peoples they conquered†, â€Å"an opposition between the colors white and black as cultural symbols was deeply rooted In European culture†, and â€Å"the Invention and diffusion of the concept of race Itself. † Today racism Isn't that big of a deal Like It was back In the colonial era, but It still can show up out of nowhere. We don't have separate water fountains, we don't make African Americans sit in the back of the bus, and we don't have laws prohibiting hem on what they can and can't do.A lot has changed from then and now and it's for the better. As we think back on how we treated African Americans I think most people can say how wrong and selfish we were. To bass some ones social status on the color of their skin is not right to any degree and the world has grown from the mistakes that happened. For my major, crim inal Justice, I will deal with many situations where someone will call me racist. It's not something that will go away because sometimes African Americans rely on It to get a point across or blame what happened on you In anyway necessary.There was a time where whites believed having black was symbolic for evil. They didn't think It was right to be a different color and wanted to blame all the wrong doings or plagues on the blacks. This resulted in the formation of the UK Klux Klan where they took African American's from their homes and hung them. They didn't have to do anything wrong per say, the whites Just believed being black was wrong. The whites wanted to make African American's feel fear so they made rules they had to follow so they â€Å"kept them in line† in a way. Racism doesn't Just focus on African Americans, it can connect with Asians, and Mexicans.Racism has exists for thousands of years and I feel it will never disappear because of how parents raise their childr en to believe what they were taught growing up. Parents telling their kids that blacks are bad and they always get into trouble Isn't something you want to teach them. Everyone Is different and Like some say â€Å"you can't Judge a book by Its cover†. I also don't feel Its right to tell your kids that the police are bad people who just want to hurt you. That's not true at all so to tell your kids straight if the bat that things are set this way and you should follow this, wont help them have an open mind.Immigration is always a big deal with the whole process to become a U. S. Citizen. Immigrants are viewed as people coming to steal their jobs because the Jobs that they usually go for are minimum wage and no benefits. It's usually Mexicans who come into the U. S. And find low paying Jobs and they usually work very hard for the little money they make. Like I said before, police officers have to deal with being called a racist almost every day because they have to use force or arrest someone for a warrant.Having to e that guy to put up with It Is harder because even though you've gone through It so many times and Just want to say â€Å"I'm not racist† Just wont cut It. Police officers are doing their job and if you happen to be African American or Asian then that's the way Being young and going to school as the only African American can be tough for some if their parents taught them blacks are bad like in the colonial days. It can also be because of the area you live in, such as more whites to blacks. The way people view each other and Judge the way they look will never change, but there's always something you can do to stop it.

Tuesday, October 22, 2019

buy custom Student Profile essay

buy custom Student Profile essay Writing is an online job offered by prestigious companies aimed at tapping the potential of good writers worldwide. The job involves taking assignments from students of all levels starting from high school to university level. University students have different categories, namely bachelors degree, masters degree and the top category known as Ph.D. At the university level, assignments vary from ones field of expertise to a field that one lacks knowledge about, when it gets to this extreme one is required to embrace the use of creative thinking to meet the clients specifications. Failure to live up to this specifications results to a revision that seeks further explanation or addition of lacking information. After school I landed a job at a big company, unfortunately, duties that were assigned to me were not challenging; this left me to feel guilty. Luckily, I learnt of the writing and decided to try it. This is a wonderful job because it has enabled me to facilitate learning in the world through working on these assignments, something I desired even from my childhood. Secondly, the job is the most convenient to my schedules since I am in a position to work from the comfort of my couch. Additionally, the payment is rewarding because one can be paid good money per page. As a writer, I have a wealth of experience in the formatting the papers: modern language association (MLA), American Psychological Association (APA) and, lastly, Harvard style of writing. In the future, I wish to try Chicago writing style. Although writing is a good job, disadvantages include working up to odd hours when an order is urgent. It is also very disheartening when an order is sent back for a revision; you have then a feeling of unworthiness. My strengths are the ability to answer literature, business and writer choice related questions very fast. Considering that ESL students are not conversant with English language, writing might be very hectic. However, experience and competence are gained through past errors and corrections. It is crucial to register for writing classes as an ESL student. In writing, there is a number of opportunities that help in learning the use of English and the application of its rules . The grammar lessons learnt will help an ESL student improve his language knowledge and perfect pronunciation. The disadvantages of taking a writing class are that if one is not fast in mastering, it might take a little longer to get to completion of the course. The advantages associated with taking writing classes are becoming a teacher of writing, or making profits from helping in completing assignments of students from all over the world. Buy custom Student Profile essay

Monday, October 21, 2019

The Micromanager essay

The Micromanager essay The Micromanager essay The Micromanager essayIn the contemporary business environment the development of effective leadership style is crucial for the successful business development and maintenance of positive interpersonal relations within organizations. In this regard, the case of George and Shelley reveals the full extent to which the leadership style can affect not only interpersonal relations but also the professional performance of employees as well as organizational performance. In fact, George fails to elaborate the effective leadership style that turns out to have a negative impact on the performance of Shelley. As a result, she cannot perform her functions properly at the position of marketing director. Therefore, the leadership style can influence the professional performance and organizational performance that means that leaders should be able to be flexible enough to find the personal approach to each employee, while employees should also be able to adapt their performance to the leadership s tyle of the leader.George’s leadership style is authoritarian in its essence and paternalistic in a way, because he tries to keep Shelley, a recently employed marketing director, under his total control and guides all her actions (Fryer, 2004). Such leadership style is the characteristic of authoritarian leaders, who want to keep under control all the staff and the entire organization (Mohrman, 2011). In fact, George believes that he is doing good for Shelley assisting and supervising her and he is absolutely unaware of the fact that his leadership style is destructive and deteriorates not only his relations with the marketing director of the company but also threatens to the performance of the entire department. Shelley, being frustrated from his leadership style, cannot perform effectively.At the same time, such leadership style is not appropriate in relation to Shelley, who came to the company being full of aspirations that she will have an opportunity to lead the marketin g department of the company her way. Instead, she faces the permanent pressure, control and interference from the part of George. Such leadership style is inappropriate because it makes Shelley feel as if George does not trust her and does not believe that she is a well-qualified professional, worthy of being the marketing director in the company.   In such a situation, the risk of conflicts between George and Shelley emerges because Shelley cannot work as she wants, while George cannot focus on his own functions since he keeps supervising Shelley’s work tightly.In such a situation, Shelley may consider changing her relations with George. She should state clearly that she is the marketing director of the company and she is fully responsible for outcomes of her performance and performance of her department. This is why she should ask George to let her work for a month on her own without interference and supervision from the part of George and, if George turns out to be dissa tisfied with her performance and performance of her department, he could dismiss her. In other words, Shelley should ask George to ask for a chance to show her professionalism and to persuade George that she can work on her own and does not need the support of George or his excessive supervision. Moreover, such position of Shelley would show George the full extent to which Shelley is certain in her professional skills and abilities that she is ready to put her position at stake.The problem of George is his authoritarian, hand on management style which turns out to be depressing for Shelley, who feels her sense of professionalism being offended because of such excessive supervision from the part of George. George fails to establish positive interpersonal relations with Shelley that leads to the steady deterioration of her performance not because of her professional skills and abilities but because of George’s constant interference into her work.The cause of the problem is the failure of George to change his management style and adapt it to the specific employee, namely Shelley. George keeps supervising Shelley depriving her of an opportunity to manage marketing department as she wants to.The possible solution to the problem of George and Shelley’s poor interaction is the change of George’s management style, which involves granting Shelley with larger autonomy and independence in her work. In such a way, Shelley will not feel being offended because she believes that George considers her unprofessional (Chambers, 2005). At the same time, this solution will give Shelley a chance to manifest her professionalism, while George will have more time on other tasks and problems, which he can solve, aside of Shelley’s tasks and functions, which he attempts to supervise at the moment.Thus, George and Shelley should step to the next level in their professional interaction. George should let Shelley work autonomously, while Shelley should prove Ge orge that she is qualified enough to work on her own.

Sunday, October 20, 2019

Thanksgiving Quotes for Kids

Thanksgiving Quotes for Kids Thanksgiving Day  is perhaps the best time to talk to your kids about family values and tradition. Kids love to participate in Thanksgiving celebrations, from decorating and helping mash the potatoes, to creating cards and sitting with the family for the feast. These Thanksgiving quotes for kids can help reinforce your value system in a fun, interactive way. You can use them to adorn your Thanksgiving dinner table, plan a treasure hunt, or write each quote on a piece of paper for them to read aloud before dinner. Linda G. Paulsen, Ballad of the MayflowerHey, Ho, Dee-o, Dee-o! The Pilgrims came to Plymouth Rock; Hey, HoSimple people, strudy stock; Hey, HoTo be free they crossed the sea,Thanked the Lord on bended knee; Hey, Ho, Dee-o, Dee-o! CiceroA thankful heart is not only the greatest virtue, but the parent of all the other virtues. William WordsworthAll that we behold is full of blessings. John Fitzgerald KennedyAs we express our gratitude, we must never forget that the highest appreciation is not to utter words, but to live by them. Ralph Waldo EmersonFor flowers that bloom about our feet;For tender grass, so fresh, so sweet;For song of bird, and hum of bee;For all things fair we hear or see,Father in heaven, we thank Thee! Melody BeattieGratitude unlocks the fullness of life. It turns what we have into enough, and more. It turns denial into acceptance, chaos to order, confusion to clarity. It can turn a meal into a feast, a house into a home, a stranger into a friend. Gratitude makes sense of our past, brings peace for today and creates a vision for tomorrow. Frank A. ClarkIf a fellow isnt thankful for what hes got, he isnt likely to be thankful for what hes going to get. Meister EckhartIf the only prayer you said in your whole life was, thank you, that would suffice. Cindy MargolisMy favorite meal is turkey and mashed potatoes. I love Thanksgiving, its just my favorite. I can have Thanksgiving all year round. Courtland MilloyNothing purchased can come close to the renewed sense of gratitude for having family and friends. Bobby JindalOn Thanksgiving I will stop to give thanks that my family is safe and healthy, especially because I realize that, following the tragedies of this year, it is all too real a possibility that they might not have been. Thornton WilderWe can only be said to be alive in those moments when our hearts are conscious of our treasures. Harry A. IronsideWe would worry less if we praised more. Thanksgiving is the enemy of discontent and dissatisfaction. George CanningWhen our perils are past, shall our gratitude sleep? John Greenleaf WhittierAh! On Thanksgiving day...When the care-wearied man seeks his mother once more,And the worn matron smiles where the girl smiled before.What moistens the lips and what brightens the eye?What calls back the past, like the rich pumpkin pie?

Saturday, October 19, 2019

Customer Involvement In The Selection Service Specifications Article

Customer Involvement In The Selection Service Specifications - Article Example Customers have expectations and those expectations can only be met if they are highly involved. High involvement allows them to specify what they really want and gives both servicer and customer the weaknesses and strengths of each specification. Providers should get customers more involved. The authors conclude that satisfaction can only be achieved if the customers get what they have specified. This can only happen if providers ask the customers what they want and do it. The main problem of this article is its language. Consider this statement: â€Å"Customers who attribute specification selection to their decisions assume responsibility for the specifications selected.† All it really says is that consumers feel responsible for the specifications they choose. Its vague wordiness defeats the purpose of publishing an article, which is to inform people. Also, the points are redundant. The authors keep restating that customers are most satisfied when they are highly involved. Then they repeat their arguments over again. The main strength is that the article provides graphs which make it easier to grasp abstract concepts. It is also helpful in summarizing their long arguments. Presenting numerous examples about customer-provider interaction was also helpful in making their points. It shows how applicable their findings are in different service situations. This article can be treated as a customer-provider interaction. Customers want to be informed but they do not want to waste time reading irrelevant or redundant data. This article can be shorted into a third of its length. Secondly, the data presented are either hypothetical or secondary which make them less predictive of actual cases. Authors should conduct their own studies in order to determine more definitely the most desirable level of customer

Management accounting Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Management accounting - Assignment Example Before I begin discussing this statement, I would like to make my stand known. I disagree with this statement and I welcome the opportunity to argue and defend my case; this disagreement will form the bedrock of my whole discussion. Based on research and my professional experience, modern developments like activity-based costing (ABC) have brought significant benefits and advantages to businesses and organizations everywhere regardless of the size (small, medium-sized and large). These developments have allowed businesses and organizations to implement more efficient systems that guarantee long-term growth provided the implementation process is done correctly and professionally (Cotton 2001, pg. 29). ABC, for example, is a recent modern development/innovation that has been rapidly adopted by organizations in many industries. Governments and NGOs have also been quick to adopt and implement ABC and to make it a core component of their management policies. This shows that there must be something beneficial about these modern developments and ABC in particular, their fanciness is inconsequential to their primary functions. It is important to note that the adoption of such developments/innovations is not done in a wholesale manner because they come with their own disadvantages that must be addressed (Lucas 2006, pg. 39). However, overall, such developments are more beneficial and therefore rightfully warrant adoption and adoption. Let us go back to ABC. This is a technique employed in determining correct costs. It is used to assign resource costs (based on activities that are conducted) to cost objects like customers products, or services. The basis for the ABC approach to costing is that an organization’s products or services stem from activities. Activities consume resources which in turn incur costs. In ABC, the costs of resources are normally assigned to activities on the basis of

Friday, October 18, 2019

Business Decision Making Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Business Decision Making - Assignment Example The profitability index (PI); and iv. The payback period Lambert currently has a choice of investing in either of three machines – Alumier which is a replacement for the current machine, Big EZ – which is supplied by an American firm, and Cial which is manufactured in Japan. The objective of performing an evaluation is to determine which of these three investment options will provide the best return to the shareholders of the firm. The Net Present Value (NPV) According to Ryan and Ryan (2002) the NPV is one of the most preferred investment appraisal techniques. This method strongly rivals the IRR as one of the most popular investment appraisal techniques. In fact, Campbell and Brown (2003) indicates that it performs better than IRR in relation to making choices between mutually exclusive projects but needs to be modified in capital rationing decisions and when project choices have unequal lives. Additionally, where projects are not divisible under capital rationing it m ay be best to invest in several small projects which exhaust the budget but have lower profitability ratios and generates a higher NPV when added together rather than a large project with a higher profitability which does not exhaust the budget (Campbell and Brown 2003). ... formula for calculating NPV is as follows: NPV = CF0 + ((CF1/(1 + IRR)1) + ((CF2/(1 + IRR)2) †¦ ((CFn/(1 + IRR)n) The decision rule criteria indicate that projects with a positive NPV should be accepted. In the case of mutually exclusive projects, the project with the highest NPV value should be selected. Information on the NPV for the three investment options are shown in Table 1 in Appendix 1. The information in Table 1 indicates that the Alumier Machine and the Cial Machine will both yield a positive NPV. However, only one machine is required and so the two investments are mutually exclusive. Therefore, the machine with the highest NPV value should be chosen. The Alumier Machine will yield an NPV of ?32,180 compared to ?65,650 for the Cial Machine. The Internal Rate of Return (IRR) The IRR is another very popular and well recognized investment evaluation technique which along with NPV is rated above the other techniques (Titman et al 2011). It is the discount rate that yields an NPV of zero (Titman et al 2011). The IRR decision rule criterion is to invest in the project if the IRR is greater than the discount rate used in calculating the NPV. One of the most common problem that has been raised about the IRR is the possibility of multiple internal rates which conflict with each other or the possibility of none at all (Hazen 2003). The formula for calculating IRR which is similar to that used in calculating NPV and is given as: NPV = CF0 + ((CF1/(1 + IRR)1) + ((CF2/(1 + IRR)2) †¦ ((CFn/(1 + IRR)n) = 0 This formula is used to find the rate of return where NPV = 0. The information relating to IRR for the three investment options are shown in Table 2 in Appendix 1. The information in Table 2 indicates that the IRR for the Alumier and the Cial Machines are higher than